Does India produce 100 times as many engineering graduates as the UK?

Concerns about the number of science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) graduates have been a regular feature of political debate in recent year, in many cases linked to wider worries about the competitiveness of the UK economy.

Making the latest contribution to the debate, Sir James Dyson, engineer and inventor of the vacuum cleaner that bears his name, told the Daily Telegraph that India is now producing one hundred times as many engineering graduates each year as Britain:

“[Britain] produced 12,000 engineering graduates a year … India produces 1.2m engineering graduates a year. The Philippines produces more than us, so does Iran, so does Mexico. It’s not a sustainable situation.”

While the UK’s population is only a fraction of India’s, (roughly 1/20th) can it really be right that India produces one hundred times as many engineering graduates?

We find that Britain does produce in the region of 12,000 home engineering graduates each year when we look at undergraduate degrees alone – but other claims made may be less supported.

Number of UK engineering undergraduates

According to Sir James, Britain produced 12,000 engineering graduates last year. When asked for the source of this figure, Dyson’s press office pointed us to a September 2011 report from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE),which suggests that there were 11,800 engineering graduates in 2010.

The report gives no source for the figure, but they’re likely to come from the Higher Education Statistics Authority (HESA). Figures from here, quoted in industry body Engineering UK’s 2013 report, suggest the number of graduates is higher than this, with almost 20,000 first degrees awarded in engineering in 2010/11. 

These figures include international students, as well as those from the UK. If we take Sir James’s description of Britain as “producing” engineering graduates as just referring to UK residents, we get a smaller number.

Of the almost 20,000 first degrees awarded in 2010/11, ‘home’ students accounted for just short of 13,000:

This only considers first degrees, however.

Number of postgraduates

When we consider those completing doctorates and other postgraduate degrees the numbers increase again. Looking at only those domiciled in the UK, some 4,000 postgraduate degrees excluding doctorates and PGCEs (referred to just as postgraduate degrees from this point forward) were awarded in 2010/11, together with around 800 doctorates.

In total the UK had more than 17,700 UK-domiciled graduates of at least first degree level potentially available to enter employment in 2010/11.

We should bear in mind, of course, that not all those who train in engineering will go on to work in the sector, with a report from the Royal Academy of Engineering last year suggesting that 26% of engineering graduates take jobs outside of the science, engineering and technology fields.

There might also be some movement in the opposite direction, as some non-engineering graduates will end up working in roles that are related to the industry.

How the UK compares to India

Sir James claimed that India produces 1.2 million engineering graduates a year, but at the time of writing Dyson had not provided a solid source for this figure, and we were unable to track it down ourselves.

According to the Indian trade association NASSCOM, almost 800,000 people completed technology or engineering graduate programmes in 2010 - some way short of Sir James’s 1.2 million graduates. This number also includes graduates of computer science and several other types of technology course, which don’t feature in the UK figures. Looking at engineering graduates only, India produced just short of 500,000 of these in 2010 (excluding electrical engineers), according to the figures.

It should be noted that other sources do suggest considerably higher numbers, either now or in the near future. An Ernst and Young report put the number of enrolments onto engineering courses in 2009/10 at just over 1.5 million, based on figures from the Indian University Grants Commission. This means we might expect graduations in 2014 to exceed at least one million.

There’s also some discussion about whether quantity of graduates alone is a good metric. Some groups, including Engineering UK, have suggested that quality of graduates is another factor that needs to be considered.

Sir James’ claim difficult to substantiate

Overall it seems that the UK does produce around 12,000 engineering graduates per year (12,865 in 2010/11) if by produced, we mean that the UK has trained up (to undergraduate degree level) this number of domiciled engineers. If we take doctorates and other postgraduate qualifications awarded to UK-domiciled students into account, the numbers are higher at 17,705 in 2010/11.

While it’s tricky to make direct international comparisons, the suggestion that India produces one hundred times more engineering graduates is at least contentious. It goes against a Royal Academy of Engineering report last year that put the figure at eight times, while other sources suggest a number of Indian graduates that would give a figure closer to one hundred times.

In any case, we should also be asking whether numbers alone fully address the issue. When it comes to the employability of graduates, groups like Engineering UK have devised measures that take into account more than just graduate numbers but also employers’ perceptions of graduate quality.

Top 10 Engineering Colleges in the World

Engineering is something that has penetrated each and every aspect of our life and with the increasing progress of technology, this penetration would constantly increase. When it comes to the best engineering colleges of the world, the competition is quite tough. However, usually the top of the list is occupied by renowned names which are discussed below:

• Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT:- In almost all of the lists discussing quality engineering schools in the world, MIT is usually at the top. The research accomplishments of MIT, the high class of its faculty and the tradition of excellence have made this engineering institute a standard of brilliance when it comes to engineering. The university was established in 1861.
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• California Institute of Technology:- Located in Pasadena, California and famously known as Caltech, this university is highly selective when it comes to undergrad students and is famous for producing highly competitive and research oriented students.
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• Stanford University:- Stanford has become a synonym of quality engineering education and research throughout years. Having a highly competitive undergrad curriculum, the university is certainly among the elite engineering colleges of the world. Stanford University is located in Palo Alto, San Francisco.

• University of California, Berkeley:- The undergrad engineering courses offered at Berkeley are considered to be among the very best in the world that explains the high level of research conducted at the university. The number of undergrad students at Berkeley is nearly 3000 which is one of the highest among the top engineering colleges.

• University of Cambridge:- University of Cambridge is the second oldest university in the United Kingdom and the seventh oldest university throughout the world. Having produced a wide range of scientists, engineers and philosophers, the university offers a variety of engineering disciplines at undergrad as well as graduate and post-graduate levels.

• University of Oxford:- Oxford is the oldest university in the United Kingdom and is widely considered to be a symbol of excellence. Although it is a general perception that humanities disciplines offered at Oxford are higher in quality compared to engineering disciplines, the engineering studies at Oxford are no less in brilliance. Oxford and Cambridge are the two British institutes that are almost always included in at the top end of the lists showcasing best engineering colleges of the world.

• Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich:- Widely considered to be the best university in the continental Europe, ETH is located in Zurich. The university has a long history of excellence in the field of science and engineering, with 21 of its students and professors being awarded Nobel Prize in past, among them Albert Einstein included.

• Georgia Institute of Technology:- Commonly known as Georgia Tech, this university was founded in 1885 and is located in Atlanta, Georgia. The university has been offering courses in a variety of engineering disciplines ever since the beginning of the twentieth century.

• Imperial College, London:- Imperial College became an independent educational institute in 2007, before which it was a part of Federal University of London. Having a long history of Nobel Laureates and famous scientists, this college is widely considered among the very best engineering colleges in the world.

• University of Texas at Austin:- Shortly known as UT Austin, this university was established in 1883 and is located in Austin, Texas. UT Austin is among those universities of the US that have the largest enrollment of undergrad students. Various engineering disciplines are being offered at the university and the quality of those disciplines is self-evident.

Top 10 Engineering Institutes Abroad

Have you lately been dreaming about seeking admission in a world-renowned engineering college? You
need to work hard if the target is to get admission in among the best of global engineering or
technical universities, as the level of competition is high. From academic excellence to technical
research, some top engineering colleges have always made impact for their supreme quality and
popularity. There are many top engineering colleges and institutes in the world where getting admission
is a dream-come-true experience for many aspirants. You can get admission if the level of hard work is
there.

Top 10 Global Engineering Institutes   

1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States- It’s among the oldest and
most reputed engineering and technology institutes in the world. It’s 150-years old and known for its long
list of Nobel laureates which has been produced here on a regular basis. MIT has no equal in terms
of academic excellence and global exposure in terms of innovation and technology.

2) California Institute of Technology, United States- It is another very renowned engineering
and technical institute which holds its reputation intact in its around 100-years of existence.
Besides a sprawling campus, high-end facilities and focus to innovation, it’s also known for producing
Noble Laureates on a regular basis in different domain of technological excellence.

3) Princeton University, United States- it’s not only the best of engineering institutes of USA, but
also among the best globally. It offers many Undergraduate and Graduate Programs in engineering where
an impressive student and teacher ratio is maintained. It also stands out for consistently giving
Nobel Laureates in various engineering domains over the years.

4) University of California, Berkeley, United States- It’s among the oldest existing engineering
institutes in the USA, and among the most reputed as well. Besides the centre of many innovation and
path-breaking discoveries in science and technology, it is also known globally for its many Nobel
Laureates.

5) Stanford University, United States- It features among the most selective universities of USA,
and known for its globally-famous alumni who went on to form the giants like Google and HP.

6) University of Cambridge, United Kingdom- It is surely among the most celebrated engineering
or technical institutes in the world for its luminary   alumni like Newton, Rutherford, Darwin, Turing,
Watson and Crick.

7) University of Oxford, United Kingdom- It’s among the oldest and most popular institutes in the
world for its academic, technical and alumni brilliance. 

8) University of California, Los Angeles, United States - It’s among the best engineering and
technical universities in the world.

9) ETH Zürich – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland- Besides its
academic brilliance, it’s also popular for being the institute where Einstein once studied.

10) Imperial College London, United Kingdom- This 100-years old institute is known for its
string emphasis to research and innovation.

Top 20 Countries In Engineering Based On Citations

Ranked by Citations Rank       Field Papers Citations Citations Per Paper 1 USA  202,141 1,115,430 5.52 2 JAPAN  66,882 237,154 3.55 3 GERMANY  46,643 231,381 4.96 4 ENGLAND  47,910 227,272 4.74 5 PEOPLES R CHINA  64,435 201,881 3.13 6 FRANCE  38,455 186,951 4.86 7 CANADA  34,015 149,229 4.39 8 ITALY  33,372 146,901 4.4 9 TAIWAN  27,786 96,036 3.46 10 SOUTH KOREA  30,013 91,955 3.06 11 SPAIN  21,025 88,569 4.21 12 AUSTRALIA  17,407 81,127 4.66 13 NETHERLANDS  13,727 74,175 5.4 14 INDIA  23,382 68,534 2.93 15 SWITZERLAND  10,481 67,600 6.45 16 RUSSIA  22,847 58,059 2.54 17 SWEDEN  10,608 57,944 5.46 18 BELGIUM  8,999 49,792 5.53 19 SINGAPORE  11,744 48,797 4.16 20 TURKEY  11,962 41,586 3.48

Top 5 Best Countries To Study Engineering

USA

What makes USA a favourable destination to study engineering? A vibrant Indian community, some of the top-ranking institutes and English as the medium of instruction make USA extremely attractive for Indians. Good placement options also draw many students. The year 2011 had about 103,260 students in USA for higher education. That was a growth of 8,697 students from the previous year! Says Sowriranjan Sampath, an engineer with a leading MNC in US, “After completing engineering from the US, it was not very difficult to find a job and settle down here. The presence of many Indian students and some faculty members on campus works as a boon for Indian students. You rarely feel lonely and can give your best to studies. Engineering studies are quite rigorous in the US, and would demand you to be actively involved in the classroom and beyond with subjects. The US is one of the best places to study engineering.”

Undergraduate engineering programmes in USA take 4 years to complete. Most engineering colleges require a SAT exam score if you’re applying to the UG engineering programme. Students applying to graduate engineering programmes must have a GRE score apart from having a UG degree in engineering, mathematics or science. International students also need to take the Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL) exam. In the US, most undergraduate engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. Generally, universities in the US, manage their admissions process by themselves. Since the admission criteria vary across universities, you must start applying early.

Institutes of Repute: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of California, Stanford University

AUSTRALIA

Australian shores have invited Indians for close to two decades now, and continue to attract a lot of Indians for higher education. Australia is known for an excellent education system that emphasises  experiential learning instead of rote learning. Their degrees are universally accepted and hold relevance. According to the latest report by Australia’s Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), India is second to China in the number of visas granted in 2011-12. Overall 253,046 student visas were granted (in 2011-12) until June 30, 2012. Out of this, 33,764 visas were granted to Indian students. This figure represents an increase of 16.6% in comparison with the same period in 2010-11.

To gain entry into an Australian undergraduate course, you need to have the Class 12 passing certificate which is equivalent to Australia’s senior secondary certificate of education. Almost all programmes require an IELTS score, which must not have been taken 24 months before the day of the application and should be more recent. Students should have a minimum IELTS score of 6 and at least 60% in Class 12 board exam.

Australia generally has two intakes in a year – February and July. Students wanting to take admission in an engineering programme, must have studied Mathematics as a compulsory subject in high school i.e from Class 8 till Class 12. Students should have studied Physics and/or Chemistry after class 10. The duration of the course is three years. Tuition for most schools is in the range of A$10,000 to A$16,500 (Rs 5,80,000 to 10,00,000) per year. Scholarships are available to Indian students.

Institutes of Repute: University of Melbourne, University of Sydney, University of Queensland, Monash University, RMIT University

UK

The mecca of higher education, the United Kingdom, has earned itself the reputation of providing high and quality education. UK Universities and colleges offer more than 1000 courses along with great flexibility in the way a subject can be studied. In the United Kingdom, engineering typically takes 4-5 years of study and results in a Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Science Engineering (BScEng), Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) or Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree.

While studying in UK, the cost of education or tuition fee will be your major expense. The cost of study or education in UK varies according to the course and duration of course you are pursuing. You might pay between 11,000 to 14,000 pounds (Rs 11,00,000 to 14,00,000) as tuition fee. Though with newer destinations like Germany and Singapore coming up, and visa rules tightening, an engineering education in UK could become more exclusive.

Institutes of Repute: Oxford University, University of Cambridge, Durham, Nottingham, Warwick

SINGAPORE

Singapore’s proximity to India comes across as a strong point for Indians wanting to pursue higher education there. Presence of world class universities, global exposure and bearable cost of living make this destination comparatively easy on the pocket for Indian students wanting a foreign engineering education. The tuition costs generally vary between S$24,000 to S$30,000 (Rs 10,80,000 to 13,50,000 ) per year. Singapore is one of the few countries that offer generous scholarships to international students, however, getting one is quite competitive.

The admissions process is simpler as compared to any of the western countries. The three universities –National University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and Singapore Management University (SMU) offer internationally recognised degrees. Many international universities also run satellite campuses (institutes of higher learning) or have joint collaborations/programmes with Singaporean universities (local tie-ups). Some of them are: INSEAD, Duke University, Georgia Tech, MIT, etc. Admission to engineering programmes at NUS and NTU depends mostly on the student’s academic performance. Undergraduate engineering programmes are of four years’ duration. The intake is once a year in July. The deadline for submitting the application is different for the schools but decisions are made only after the university receives your Class 12 results.

Institutes of Repute: National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University and Singapore Management University

GERMANY

Germany provides the best and the most cost-effective study options for overseas students as most colleges are state-funded. Another reason that makes Germany a worthy study destination is the presence of more than 300 institutions of higher education. It is one of the leading countries in the field of research, science and technology. There are no university-sponsored scholarships in Germany, but a number of private and public institutions award scholarships, usually to cover cost of living and books.

In Germany, most programmes are exclusively taught in English, therefore, German language skills are not a prerequisite. If you are willing to learn German, you can join the German language courses offered at the university, which are free of charge. As a foreign student, you are allowed to work 90 days or 180 half days in a calendar year. This right is not restricted for campus jobs like in the US. You can obtain Permanent Residency (PR) within 5 years of working full-time in Germany.

Institutes of Repute: Technische Universität München, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Technische Universität, Universität Karlsruhe

Top 10 International Engineering Cities

1. Munich, Germany

Munich is seen by many as the high tech centre of Germany. More than 65% of its inhabitants use broadband internet, the highest proportion in Europe. The city hosts the headquarters of industrial giants including Siemens, BMW and MTU Aero Engines, amongst many other large international firms. Japanese industrial robot and drive technology firm, Yaskawa opened its European headquarters near Munich last year.

The association of German engineers, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, estimates there are around 70,000 vacant engineering jobs in Germany. Some industry commentators believe this could climb to 500,000 by 2025.

As you would expect the transport, communications and power infrastructure are excellent, as is the beer, this is the hometown of the notorious Oktoberfest. The city’s football team, the Champions League winning Bayern Munich, aren’t bad either, with season tickets starting at an astoundingly affordable £104.

Germans are well-known to hold their engineers in great esteem, and industrial sectors like automotive, renewables and machinery and equipment are booming. Without getting carried away about high quality precision German engineering, the sober truth is Germany and Munich is a good base for an engineering career in a variety of industrial sectors.

2. Melbourne, Australia

Melbourne is Australia's second largest city and is typically seen as the country's centre for technology, logistics and R&D. It is also the home of Australia's automotive industry. Ford, Toyota and General Motors have factories in Melbourne. Other firms include mining companies Rio Tinto, BHP Bilton as well as defence and aerospace firms such as Boeing and BAE Systems.

The city tops polls of the most desirable places in the world to live, rating first in The Economists' “Liveability Index” last year. Melbourne is credited with having a vibrant cultural life, modern architecture, almost free public transport infrastructure and the largest casino in the southern hemisphere.

There is also plenty of scope for foreign engineers to settle in Australia. According to the latest official figures from the Australian government, roughly half of the country's engineering vacancies are filled by immigrant engineers. In 2010 they gave out 14% more visas to immigrant engineers than they did bachelor level engineering degrees to Australians.

Government policy is to reduce the reliance on foreign engineers. Nevertheless there are plenty of opportunities for the foreseeable future, particularly in sectors such as mining, oil and gas, infrastructure and construction.

Admittedly it is a close race between Australian cities for engineers. Melbourne just about tips the balance by appearing to smooth the processfor skilled immigrant workers slightly better, and has the breadth and amount of industry to provide work in the future.

3. Toulouse, France

Located in south west France, Toulouse has a number of good things going for it, not least being the aerospace centre for Europe. Some 35,000 of the inner city's 400,000 inhabitants are said to work in the aerospace sector.

Almost all the major European aerospace companies have a presence in or around Toulouse, including Airbus, Dassault, EADS and Thales.

Furthermore, now is a great time to be a qualified engineer entering the aerospace market. There are lots of vacancies in Toulouse and its “Aerospace Valley”.

According to the Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales, which represents the French aviation sector, last year the sector expanded 34% and recruited 15,000 people. That trend is expected to continue this year. Bulging order books at Airbus should easily see the industry through the rest of the decade.

However many firms, particularly suppliers, are finding it difficult to recruit engineers and technical staff. Some, such as jet engine maker Safran, are resorting to poaching technical staff from France's flagging automotive sector.

The city itself has a large student population, second only to Paris, with an accordingly active nightlife scene. It also has a rich history, stretching back through the middle ages to Roman times, plus a strong arts and cultural scene. It's not likely you're going to be bored and with good transport links you won't struggle to get around. Speaking French is going to be a prerequisite though.

4. Chennai, India

Chennai on the south eastern coast of India has a broad industrial base, but is best known for being the centre of India's automotive sector. Often called the “Detroit of India”, Chennai has factories from automotive OEMs and component manufacturers including Hyundai, Renault, Bosch, Nissan, Daimler, Caterpillar, Komatsu, Ford, BMW and Mitsubishi.

The city and its environs also host a large number of electronics hardware manufacturers, such as Dell, Nokia, Cisco, Samsung, Texas Instruments and Siemens. The factory which produces rolling stock for the government-owned Indian Railways is in Chennai. The city has a burgeoning offshore energy industry, attracting companies such as Technip, Mott Macdonald and Vestas. The city is already home to Indian aerospace firms Ahsok Leyland Defence and Mahindra Aerospace and there are plans to boost the aerospace industry there further.

Research from bank HSBC shows the city hosts the third largest expat population in India after Mumbai and Delhi, which rose to 82,790 in 2011 from 35,000 in 2009. Chennai is reported to be cheaper to live in than Delhi and Mumbai and has also begun to score higher on liveability indexes, although it does fall far down the rankings compared to most cities in the northern hemisphere.

The only potential drawbacks are that communications and power infrastructure are said to be just satisfactory and the public transport infrastructure is overcrowded, but a new Metro system is due to be complete by 2015 and a monorail system is also planned.

5. Houston, US

Houston, Texas is synonymous with oil the and gas sector. Thanks to a combination of high prices, new technology and techniques for fracking and deep water, the city currently has an insatiable thirst for engineers, leading most US oil firms to recruit internationally.

A recent survey by online recruitment firm Monster showed that Houston has the highest demand for engineers in the US, with industrial, mechanical and electrical being most in demand. Evidence of the confidence of the industry is also evident in developments such as Chevron’s new Houston tower. It’s the third skyscraper the company has built in the city and accompanies a 1,752 person hiring spree. The Texas Independent Producers & Royalty Owners Association says that 34,600 new oil and gas jobs were created in the state last year alone.

Houston itself is the fourth largest city in the US and is as closely identified with urban sprawl as oil and gas - it occupies a massive 600 square miles of land. The city has a diverse multicultural makeup, thanks to the ‘boom’ years in oil and gas. Arguably though, this historically industrial city has less of an emphasis on culture and arts as industry. However it is often credited as having an international “feel” due to the industry. Cost of living is amongst the lowest for the top cities in the US, but expect to be driving a lot instead of using public transport.

6. Abu Dhabi, UAE

Staying with places connected to oil and gas, but switching hemispheres, the Middle East has long been a destination for engineers. Oil rich states such as UAE have built modern cities, such as Abu Dhabi from the desert up using funds gained from the exploitation of the vast fossil fuel resources under their feet.

The requirement for foreign oil and gas engineers continues today, either through an international company or with one of the Gulf states’ national oil companies. However, with the end in sight for its finite oil and gas reserves, countries like the UAE are now attempting to diversify their industrial base. Other forms of clean energy, such as solar, are being heavily backed and the government is encouraging other sectors, such as the automotive. Jaguar Land Rover are at the early stages of building a factory in the country.

Abu Dhabi has the lowest crime rates of the UAE cities, and entertainment venues are in no short supply, as similarly to Dubai the city has looked to increase its tourist trade in recent years.

Technical and management staff often top the polls of the most highly paid workers in Abu Dhabi. Much of the engineering work is the Industrial City of Abu Dhabi HCSEZ, which welcomes foreign investment and business. The city also hosts the government backed Masdar Institute, which has an emphasis on the engineering and science R&D.

7. Copenhagen, Denmark

Denmark’s capital is the country’s largest city and its chief industrial centre. The city was founded on fishing and the marine sector, including shipbuilding and offshore engineering, remains a major industry. There is a large oil and gas sector and companies that develop clean technologies, such as wind power, also have a major presence here. There is a strong industry for process and production machinery and communications technology is a major sector. Some of the biggest firms include Maersk, Alfa Laval, MAN, Trelleborg and Ramboll.

There is large and growing demand for electrical, mechanical, chemical, production and environmental engineers in Denmark. A recent UNESCO study estimates the country will be lacking 14,000 engineers by 2020. Projects such as the Femern Belt link, a project to build an 18km tunnel between Denmark and Germany, show how ambitious and the high regard Danes regard engineering.

Copenhagen has been designed to cater for bicyclists, and cycling is one of the best ways to get around. It has the lively cultural and nightlife scene you would expect from a northern European city. Strangely, it hosts the world’s oldest amusement parks.

The possible downsides are that some expats complain of difficulty at integrating with Danes and a high cost of living.

8. Sao Paolo, Brazil

Sao Paulo is often cited as the example of a 21st century megacity. It is the tenth richest city in the world and is predicted to become the 6th richest by 2025, according to financial consultancy PWC.

The city has a strong industrial base with leading regional firms in the automotive, aerospace and IT industry and has thousands of manufacturing plants. A demand for new infrastructure, the creation of several new industrial sectors and a lack of qualified workers, are all factors fuelling demand for engineers in Brazil. Furthermore, Sao Paulo is a spring board for many international engineering companies seeking to capture the growing South American market.

Brazil hosts the World Cup next year, and Sao Paolo is ramping up in preparation. Aside from the football the city has a good reputation for culture, from concerts and exhibitions to having an estimated 12,000 restaurants.

However there is a large caveat with Sao Paulo - its status as ‘megacity’ has also delivered many problems. Experts believe its poor infrastructure and high population growth is exacerbating social unrest and limiting growth. Recent riots about the amount of funding the government has allocated the World Cup show that the political situation can be unpredictable. Many expats also say there is bad pollution, traffic and crime.

The city has also always attracted large numbers of immigrants since the 19th century and has a broad ethnic mix and large expat community.

9. Shanghai, China

According to to the Chinese government, more than half of the world’s top 100 industrial companies have a presence in Shanghai. The city is the country’s largest and oldest base for industrial technology.

Heavy industries accounted for 78% of its gross industrial output in 2009. Steel, automotive, power equipment, petrochemicals and electric appliances are among Shanghai's so-called “pillar” industries. China's largest petrochemical complex is also located here. The city has striven to become and remain internationally relevant industrially, investing in R&D and relocating and reorganising industrial zones to the outlying districts of the city.

Shanghai’s 23 million inhabitants make it the most populous city in the world, and the city has a decentralisation policy to the seven satellite towns built around the city. Shanghai is also a a major aviation gateway, the city has the largest bus system and longest Metro system in the world.

Estimates put the number of foreign workers in the city at around 400,000. Hours are said to be long, and money and benefits packages higher for those hired by corporates and bought into Shanghai. Living with western food and culture can also prove expensive in Shanghai - most expats say immersing yourself in Shanghai is the cheapest and simplest way to live.

10. Toronto, Canada

There are lots of opportunities for foreign engineers in Canada, which in general has growth in its mining, transportation and energy sectors. An Engineer’s Canada report published earlier this year found that there are 95,000 Canadian engineers expected to retire by 2020, and not enough indigenous engineers to fill these positions.

Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the capital of Ontario and a range of industries is present within the city and its environs, ranging from automotive and aerospace firms like Chrysler, GM, Bombardier and Goodrich, to industrial giants like Siemens and Honeywell. Consultancies such as AMEC and CH2M Hill also have a strong presence in Toronto. At the present time Toronto has more vacancies for electrical and mechanical engineers than any other Canadian city.

Canada attracts many with the allure of its undeveloped natural environment and Toronto provides a base for those to whom this is the primary attraction. Ranked as one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse cities in the world after decades of immigration, there is plenty of entertainment, cultural diversions and a well developed infrastructure.

Opportunities for engineers in Canada are also said to be in abundance west of Toronto in Alberta, where there is a booming oil and gas industry.

Gujarat — The art of engineering growth

The engineering sector is one of the largest segments in the overall industrial sector growth of any country and is recognised as a key driver for the development of all the other sectors of an economy.

In Indian context, the engineering sector has over last decades experienced robust growth, as the country has a strong base in engineering and capital goods. High industrial growth, infrastructure development and favorable policies , has helped Indian engineering sector outlook achieve prominence so much so that today Indian engineering goods are gaining acceptance in overseas markets, with exports of engineering goods increasing to more developed nations in the western hemisphere.

The engineering sector is one of the largest segments in the overall industrial sector growth of any country and is recognised as a key driver for the development of all the other sectors of an economy.

 

In Indian context, the engineering sector has over last decades experienced robust growth, as the country has a  strong base in engineering and capital goods. High industrial growth, infrastructure development and favorable  policies , has helped Indian engineering sector outlook achieve prominence so much so that today Indian  engineering goods are gaining acceptance in overseas markets, with exports of engineering goods increasing to  more developed nations in the western hemisphere.

The engineering sector is one of the largest segments in the overall industrial sector growth of any country and is recognised as a key driver for the development of all the other sectors of an economy.

In Indian context, the engineering sector has over last decades experienced robust growth, as the country has a strong base in engineering and capital goods. High industrial growth, infrastructure development and favorable policies , has helped Indian engineering sector outlook achieve prominence so much so that today Indian engineering goods are gaining acceptance in overseas markets, with exports of engineering goods increasing to more developed nations in the western hemisphere.